Tuples

A tuple is an immutable ordered collection of elements. Unlike lists, tuples cannot be modified after their creation, making them useful for storing fixed collections of items. 

# Example of tuple operations in Python


# Creating a tuple
my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, "Hello")
print("Initial Tuple:", my_tuple)  # Output: Initial Tuple: (10, 20, 30, "Hello")


# Accessing elements
first_element = my_tuple[0]  # 10
print("First Element:", first_element)  # Output: First Element: 10


# Length of the tuple
length = len(my_tuple)
print("Length of the Tuple:", length)  # Output: Length of the Tuple: 4


# Concatenation
another_tuple = (40, 50)
concatenated = my_tuple + another_tuple
print("Concatenated Tuple:", concatenated)  # Output: Concatenated Tuple: (10, 20, 30, "Hello", 40, 50)


# Repetition
repeated = my_tuple * 2
print("Repeated Tuple:", repeated)  # Output: Repeated Tuple: (10, 20, 30, "Hello", 10, 20, 30, "Hello")


# Attempting to modify a tuple (will raise an error)
# Uncommenting the line below will result in a TypeError
# my_tuple[1] = 25  # This will result in a TypeError


%%javascript

// Although JavaScript doesn't have a built-in tuple type,
// we can use arrays to emulate tuple behavior.


// Creating a tuple-like array
let myTuple = [10, "Hello", true];
console.log("Initial Tuple:", myTuple);  // Output: Initial Tuple: [10, "Hello", true]


// Accessing elements
let firstElement = myTuple[0];  // 10
console.log("First Element:", firstElement);  // Output: First Element: 10


// Length of the tuple-like array
let length = myTuple.length;
console.log("Length of the Tuple-like Array:", length);  // Output: Length of the Tuple-like Array: 3

Dictionaries

A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs, where each key is unique. It allows you to store and retrieve data based on a key rather than an index, like in a list. 

person = {
    "name": "Alice",
    "age": 25,
    "city": "New York"
}
print(person["name"])  # Output: Alice


%%javascript

// Define a dictionary (object) to store student information
let students = {
    "Alice": {
        "age": 25,
        "isStudent": true,
        "courses": ["Math", "Science"]
    },
    "Bob": {
        "age": 22,
        "isStudent": true,
        "courses": ["History", "Art"]
    },
    "Charlie": {
        "age": 28,
        "isStudent": false,
        "courses": []
    }
};

// Accessing information from the dictionary
console.log("Alice's age: ", students["Alice"]["age"]);  // Output: Alice's age: 25
console.log("Bob's courses: ", students["Bob"]["courses"]);  // Output: Bob's courses: ["History", "Art"]

// Adding a new student to the dictionary
students["David"] = {
    "age": 24,
    "isStudent": true,
    "courses": ["Computer Science", "Physics"]
};

// Modifying information
students["Alice"]["isStudent"] = false;  // Alice is no longer a student
console.log("Updated Alice's information: ", students["Alice"]);
// Output: Updated Alice's information: {age: 25, isStudent: false, courses: ["Math", "Science"]}

Sets

- A set is an unordered collection of unique items. Sets are useful when you want to ensure that there are no duplicate elements.
- Sets are unordered and unindexed. You cannot access elements by position.
- Sets automatically remove duplicates. 

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "orange"}
print(fruits)  # Output: {'banana', 'apple', 'orange'} (order is not guaranteed)

# Adding a new item to a set
fruits.add("grape")
print(fruits)  # Output: {'banana', 'grape', 'apple', 'orange'}

# Duplicate items are ignored
fruits.add("apple")
print(fruits)  # Output: {'banana', 'grape', 'apple', 'orange'}


%%javascript

// Creating a new Set with some initial values
let fruits = new Set(["apple", "banana", "orange"]);

// Adding values to the Set
fruits.add("grape");
fruits.add("banana");  // This won't be added again since it's a duplicate

// Display the contents of the Set
console.log(fruits);  // Output: Set(4) {"apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"}

// Deleting an item from the Set
fruits.delete("orange");
console.log("After deleting 'orange':", fruits);  // Output: Set(3) {"apple", "banana", "grape"}

Booleans

A boolean is a data type that can have one of two values: `True` or `False`. Booleans are commonly used in conditional statements to control the flow of programs. 

is_sunny = True
is_raining = False

if is_sunny:
    print("Go outside!")  # Output: Go outside!


%% javascript

// Simple boolean values
let isStudent = true;
let isLoggedIn = false;

// Check conditions with booleans
if (isStudent) {
    console.log("The user is a student.");
} else {
    console.log("The user is not a student.");
}
// Output: The user is a student.

None

None is a special constant in Python that represents the absence of a value or a null value. It’s commonly used as a placeholder for optional or yet-to-be-assigned values. It is also used to indicate "no value" or "empty" 

val = None
print(val is None)  # Output: True


let val = null;
console.log(val === null);  // Output: true

Popcorn Hack: create a dictionary, update an item, and add an item 

# Creating dictionary 
person = {
    "name": "Alice",
    "age": 25,
    "is_student": False
}

person["age"] = 26     # Update item

# Adding an item
person["David"] = {
    "name": "David",   
    "age": 22,
    "is_student": True
}