Topic 6.1 - Array Creation and Access
Topic 6.2 - Traversing Array (1D)
- Standard For Loop
For loop : Accessing Some Elements of a List
- Things to Consider
Standard While Loop
Bounds Errors
Developing Methods Using Arrays
- Average Value

Comparing a regular for loop with the enhanced for loop
Limitations to enhanced for loop

How to identify the maximum or minimum value in an array
Find max in an array of double values
Find min in an array of int values
Let’s Practice!
How to calculate the average value from objects in an array
Using a standard for loop
Using a standard enhanced loop
Shfiting Array contents to the right

Topic 6.1 - Array Creation and Access

Vocabulary

Array: a data strucutre used to implement a collection of object referance data
Element: a single value within an array
Index of an element: position of an element in the array (In java, the first element of an array is at index 0)
Length of an array: number of elements in the array

Declaring an Array

Defines the array variable, specifying its data type and name.

// Syntax: dataType[] arrayName;
int[] numbers; // Declare an integer array
String[] names; // Declare a string array

Creating an Array

Gives memory for the array and specifies its size.

// Syntax: arrayName = new dataType[size];
numbers = new int[5]; // Create an integer array with 5 elements
names = new String[3]; // Create a string array with 3 elements

Initializing an Array

Populates the array with initial values.

// Syntax: arrayName = new dataType[size];
numbers = new int[5]; // Create an integer array with 5 elements
names = new String[3]; // Create a string array with 3 elements

Accessing Array Elements

Retrieves a specific element’s value from the array using its index.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int element = numbers[2]; // Access the third element (30) using index 2
System.out.println(element); // Output: 30

Array Length

Obtains and displays the number of elements in the array.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int length = numbers.length; // Get the length of the array
System.out.println("Array length: " + length); // Output: Array length: 5

Modifying Array Elements

Updates the value of a specific element in the array.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
numbers[2] = 35; // Change the third element to 35

Iterating Through an Array

Loops through the array, printing each element.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
    System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}

Enhanced For Loop (For-each)

Iterates through the array using a simplified loop structure, printing each element.

int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int number : numbers) {
    System.out.println(number);
}

Topic 6.2 - Traversing Array (1D)

Using iteration statements (standard for loops and while loops) to access each element in an array.

Standard For Loop

An array in java is indexed from _ to the number of elements - _.

Review on For Loops

init: The init expression is used for initializing a variable, and it is executed only once.
condition: It executes the condition statement for every iteration
incr/decr: It is the increment or decrement statement applied to the variable, updates the initial expression.

import java.util.Random;

/*  public class RandomArray {
    public static void main(String[] args){
    int [] list = new int[6];
    Random rand = new Random(); 
*/
    // FOR LOOP 1
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++){
        list[i] = rand.nextInt(4);
    }

    // FOR LOOP 2
   for(int element: list){
        System.out.println(element);
    }

/*   }

   }

  RandomArray.main(null);
*/

download

For loop : Accessing Some Elements of a List

Things to Consider

If I only wanted to access the elements at even indices of the list (0, 2, 4), what could I change in the statement below to accomplish that?
What about odd?

// EVEN
int[] list = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println("Even Index");
for(int index = 0; index < list.length; index+=2){
    System.out.println(list[index]);
}

// ODD
int[] list = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println("Odd Index");
for(int index = 1; index < list.length; index+=2){
    System.out.println(list[index]);
}

Even Index
0
2
4
Odd Index
1
3
5

Note: These are NOT traversals, even though these are for loops. This is because not every element in the array is accessed.

Standard While Loop

Does the following loop accomplish traversing the array?

int [] list = new int[5];
int index = 0; 

while (index < list.length) 
{
    // Do something
    index ++; 
}

This while loop and the for loop we used earlier accomplish the same task. The main difference is that after the loop is completed, the variable ‘index’ in the while loop will still exist. The variable ‘i’ in the for loop will not. Why?

Bounds Errors

When traversing an array, we need to be careful with the indices to avoid an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.

ATTENTION: MOST COMMON MISTAKE:

What is wrong with the for loop and while loop below? Why does this produce an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error? The first index is 0 making the equation invalid. You must change the signs or add a -1

for(int i = 0; i <= list.length; i ++)

Incomplete input:

|   for(int i = 0; i <= list.length; i ++)

int index = 0; 
while (index <= list.length)

Incomplete input:

|   while (index <= list.length)

Off by One Error : missing the first or last element of an array when trying to traverse

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

|   [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

illegal start of expression

// This won't access the last element in the list
for(int i = 0; i <= list.length - 1; i ++)

Incomplete input:

|   // This won't access the last element in the list

|   for(int i = 0; i <= list.length - 1; i ++)

// This won't access the first element in the list
int index = 1; 
while (index <= list.length)

Incomplete input:

|   while (index <= list.length)

Developing Methods Using Arrays

Reviewing common methods asked on AP Exam FRQs

Average Value

Complete the popcorn hack below in order to return the average value of the elements in the list numbers.

public class ArrayAverage {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] numbers = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25};
        int sum = 0;
        double average;
        
        for (int i = 0; i<numbers.length;i++) {
            sum += numbers[i]; 
        }
        
       
        average = (double) sum / numbers.length; /* missing code */
        
        System.out.println("The average of the numbers is: " + average);
    }
}

ArrayAverage.main(null);

The average of the numbers is: 15.0

6.3 Enhanced for loop for Arrays

the enhanced for loop is also known as the “for each” loop
provides a simplified way to loop through elements in an array, collection, or other iterable data structures.

//syntax for enhanced for loop
for (dataType element : array) {
    // code to process 'element'
}

the data type in the loop must match the array’s element data type.

//array of int matches element int
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for (int num : numbers) {
    System.out.println(num);
}

Comparing a regular for loop with the enhanced for loop

Popcorn Hack: Rewrite this code to use an enhanced for loop instead. make comments explaining what you added/changed

import java.util.List;

class Quote {
    private List<String> quotes;
    private List<String> emotions;

    public Quote(List<String> quotes, List<String> emotions) {
        this.quotes = quotes;
        this.emotions = emotions;
    }

    public void printQuotesWithEmotions() {
        // Make a change in the code here! 
        for (int i = 0; i < quotes.size() && i < emotions.size(); i++) {
            String quote = quotes.get(i);
            String emotion = emotions.get(i);
            System.out.println("Quote: \"" + quote + "\"");
            System.out.println("Emotion: " + emotion);
            System.out.println("---------------------------");
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> quotes = List.of(
            "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.",
            "The only way to do great work is to love what you do.",
            "The best way to predict the future is to create it."
        );

        List<String> emotions = List.of(
            "Courageous",
            "Passionate",
            "Innovative"
        );

        Quote quotePrinter = new Quote(quotes, emotions);
        quotePrinter.printQuotesWithEmotions();
    }
}

Quote.main(null);

Quote: "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts."
Emotion: Courageous
---------------------------
Quote: "The only way to do great work is to love what you do."
Emotion: Passionate
---------------------------
Quote: "The best way to predict the future is to create it."
Emotion: Innovative
---------------------------

What are some of the benefits of using an enhanced for loop in this case versus a regular for loop?

Limitations to enhanced for loop

it does not provide access to the index of the current element.
- This means you cannot easily determine the position of the element in the array or collection.
- But when you want to search for a specific element in a collection and you don’t necessarily need to access the index
- If you need to work with indices, you should use a traditional for loop instead.
read-only access to elements.
- You cannot modify the elements within the loop
- Thus, when you need to modify a collection based on a condition. You should use a regular for loop

For the next two code blocks, decide whether or not its better to use a regular for loop or an enhanced one, explain why. write the code for them

Searching for an Element in an ArrayList

ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
String searchName = "Vivian";

//code goes here
for () {
}

Removing Even Numbers from an ArrayList

ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>();

//code goes here
for () {
}

6.4: Developing Algorithms Using Arrays

How to identify the maximum or minimum value in an array

It is a common task to determine what the largest or smallest value stored is inside an array. In order to do this, we need a method that can take a parameter of an array of primitve values (int or double) and return the item that is at the appropriate extreme.

Inside the method a local variable is needed to store the current max or min value that will be compared against all the values in the array. You can assign the current value to be either the opposite extreme or the first item you would be looking at.

You can use either a standard for loop or an enhanced for loop to determine the max or min. Assign the temporary variable a starting value based on what extreme you are searching for.

Inside the for loop, compare the current value against the local variable; if the current value is better, assign it to the temporary variable. When the loop is over, the local variable will contain the appropriate value and is still available and within scope and can be returned from the method.

Find max in an array of `double` values

private double findMax(double [] values) {
    double max = values[0];

    for (int index = 1; index < values.length; index++) {
        if (values[index] > max) {
            max = values[index];
        }
    }
    return max;
}

Find min in an array of `int` values

private int findMin(int [] values) {
    int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

    for (int currentValue: values) {
        if (currentValue < min) {
            min = currentValue;
        }
    }
    return min;
}

Let’s Practice!

Popcorn hack #1

// What needs to be changed to find the index of the max value? (write correct code in cell below)
// new code
private int findMaxIndex(double[] values) {
    int maxIndex = 0;
    double maxValue = values[0];

    for (int i = 1; i < values.length; i++) {
        if (values[i] > maxValue) {
            maxValue = values[i];
            maxIndex = i;
        }
    }

    return maxIndex;
}

How to calculate the average value from objects in an array

It is a common task to determine what is the average value returned from items stored inside an array. In order to do this, we need a method that can take a parameter of an array of Objects (DebugDuck) and calculate and return the average value that each instance of DebugDuck returns from the method.

Inside the method; a local double variable is needed to store the accumulated values. Then we use a for loop to traverse the array and add the current total to the variable. After accumulating all the values we need to divide the total by the number of items stored in the array.

Using a standard `for` loop

private double calculateAverage(DebugDuck [] ducks) {
    double average = 0.0;

    for (int index = 0; index < ducks.length; index++) {
        average += ducks[index].getQuestionCount();
    }
    average = average / ducks.length;

    return average;
}

Using a standard `enhanced` loop

private double calculateAverage(DebugDuck [] ducks) {
    double average = 0.0;

    for (DebugDuck currentDuck: ducks) {
        average += currentDuck.getQuestionCount();
    }
    average = average / ducks.length;

    return average;
}

Does the order of accumulation matter?

Yes Can you declare the variable inside the loop?
Yes and usually good practice to do so as it avoids confusion

Shfiting Array contents to the right

The contents of an array often need to be shifted as part of a solution to using the data inside.

We need to know how much to shift the array by. This will need to be an int obviously.

In order to move the contents we next need to make an empty array of the same size and then iterate over the original array and properly copy the values to the adjusted index in the new array.

We then need to assign the new array back into the original variable.

What kind of for loop should we use? Why?

For loop so that way you get the desired output

int [] numbers = {1,2,3,4,5};
int [] shifted = new int [numbers.length];
int shift = 8;
for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++) {
    shifted [Math.abs((index + shift) % numbers.length)] = numbers[index];
}
numbers = shifted;
for (int num : numbers) {
    System.out.println(num + " ");
}

Why are we using the % operator?

To calculate the wrapped around index

Popcorn hack #2

How would we code a left shift? Write a left shift using the variables below

String [] words = {"alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta"};
int shiftWord = 2;

//new code
String[] shiftedWords = new String[words.length];
for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
 shiftedWords[i] = words[(i + shiftWord) % words.length];
}

Why should the array index be wrapped in a call to Math.abs?

To make sure the index remains positive

What will be displayed as the output?

String [] list = {"red", "yellow", "blue"}; 
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
{
    System.out.print(list[i].length()+ "-" )
}

A. red-yellow-blue
B. 3-3-3-
C. 3-6-4-
D. 3-6-
E. 3-6-4
E. 3-6-4

Write why you chose that answer! ________

The code below is meant to display every other number in the list numbers. Which of the following should replace the missing code in order to do this?

int [] numbers = {3, -4, 6, -7, 2}; 
for(int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i+=2)
{
    System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}

A. int i = 0; i < numbers.length/2; i++
B. int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++
C. int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i+=2
D. int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++
E. int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i+=2
E. int 1 = 0; i < numbers.length; i+=2